THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes Volume II: English THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES Edited by A. W. Ward & A. R. Waller    CONTENTS     Preface     Table of Principal Dates    Chapter I. “Piers the Plowman” and its Sequence    By JOHN MATTHEWS MANLY, A.M., Ph.D., Professor of English Literature in the University of Chicago The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman Form of the Poems Theories concerning Authorship; The Three Texts The Crowd in the Valley The Tower of Truth Holy Church The Court at Westminster Meed Reason The First Vision The Second Vision The Way to Truth Piers and his Pilgrims at Work Piers’s Pardon The Scene in the Ale-house The Third Vision The Search for Do-well, Do-better and Do-best John But B-text B’s Continuation of the Poems The Merits of B’s Work The Author of the C-text Conclusion assumed that the Poems are Not the Work of a Single Author; Differences in the Three Texts Parallel Passages William Langland John But Mum, Sothsegger Wynnere and Wastoure; The Parlement of the Thre Ages Letters of the Insurgents of 1381 Peres the Ploughmans Crede The Ploughman’s Tale Jacke Upland The Crowned King Death and Liffe The Scotish Feilde The Fourteenth Century BIBLIOGRAPHY    II. Religious Movements in the Fourteenth Century RICHARD ROLLE.  WYCLIF.  THE LOLLARDS    By the Rev. J. P. WHITNEY, B.D., King’s College Richard Rolle of Hamploe Rolle’s Mysticism William Nassyngton; Rolle and Religion The Pricke of Conscience Wyclif’s Early Life Wyclif and Scholasticism Wyclif’s Earlier Writings Attack on Wyclif The Papal Schism The Poor Priests The Bible in English Nicholas Hereford and John Purvey Wyclif and Popular Movements Wyclif’s Views on the Eucharist Wyclif’s Later Works Wyclif’s Later Life The Lollards; Wyclif’s Personality BIBLIOGRAPHY    III. The Beginnings of English Prose TREVISA.  THE MANDEVILLE TRANSLATORS    By ALICE D. GREENWOOD Early English Prose Early Translations John Trevisa Polychronicon Bartholomaeus The Travels of Sir John Mandeville Jean d’Outremeuse Mandeville Manuscripts Mandeville’s Style Mandeville’s Detail BIBLIOGRAPHY    IV. The Scottish Language EARLY AND MIDDLE SCOTS    By G. GREGORY SMITH, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford, Professor of English Literature in Queen’s College, Belfast “Scots” and “Ynglis” Early Scots Middle Scots Southern Influence on Middle Scots Latin and French Elements in Middle Scots Alleged Celtic Contribution BIBLIOGRAPHY    V. The Earliest Scottish Literature BARBOUR, BLIND HARRY, HUCHOUN, WYNTOUN, HOLLAND    By PETER GILES, M.A., Hon. LL.D., Aberdeen, Follow of Emmanuel College and Reader in Comparative Philology Early Fragments John Barbour; The Bruce Blind Harry’s Wallace Holland’s Howlat Huchoun of the Awle Ryale Morte Arthure The Epistill of Suete Susane The Awntyrs of Arthure Golagros and Gawane Rauf Coil\??\ear Colkelbie’s Sow Lives of the Saints Gray’s Scalacronica Fordun and Bower’s Scotichronicon Andrew of Wyntoun’s Orygynale Cronykil BIBLIOGRAPHY    VI. John Gower    By G. C. MACAULAY, M.A., Trinity College, Lecturer in English His Life His Political Opinions His Literary Work The French Speculum Meditantis (Mirour de l’Omme) The Latin Vox Clamantis The English Confessio Amantis His Latest Works BIBLIOGRAPHY    VII. Chaucer    By GEORGE SAINTSBURY, M.A., Merton College, Oxford, Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Edinburgh Chaucer’s Life Canon of Works Early Editions Tyrwhitt’s Recension Later Rearrangements The Romaunt of the Rose Early Poems Troilus and Criseyde The House of Fame The Legend of Good Women The Canterbury Tales Prose; The Astrolabe Boethius Minor Verse Chaucer’s Learning His Humour His Poetical Quality The Tale of Gamelyn BIBLIOGRAPHY    VIII. The English Chaucerians    By GEORGE SAINTSBURY, M.A. Lydgate Occleve Burgh George Ashby Henry Bradshaw George Ripley Thomas Norton Osbern Bokenam The Chaucerian Apocrypha The Tale of Beryn or The Second Merchant’s Tale La Belle Dame sans Merci The Cuckoo and the Nightingale The Assembly of Ladies The Flower and Leaf The Court of Love BIBLIOGRAPHY    IX. Stephen Hawes    By WILLIAM MURISON, M.A., Aberdeen The Passetyme of Pleasure The Conversion of Swearers A Joyful Meditation to all England of the Coronation of Henry the Eighth The Example of Virtue Hawes’s Learning and Models His Medievalism His Relation to Spenser His Metre BIBLIOGRAPHY    X. The Scottish Chaucerians    By G. GREGORY SMITH, M.A. James I The Kingis Quair The Influence of Chaucer Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope The Testament of Cresseid Henryson’s Shorter Poems William Dunbar His Allegories The Grotesque in Dunbar His Prosodic Range Gavin Douglas The Palice of Honour King Hart The Aenied Douglas’s Medievalism Walter Kennedy BIBLIOGRAPHY    XI. The Middle Scots Anthologies: Anonymous Verse and Early Prose    By G. GREGORY SMITH, M.A. Early Anthologists The Native Elements Peblis to the Play; Christis Kirk on the Greene Sym and his Brudir The Wyf of Auchtirmuchty The Wowing of Jok and Jynny Gyre Carling King Berdok Burlesque Poems Convivial Verse Fabliaux Historical and Patriotic Verse Love Poetry; Tayis Bank The Murning Maiden Didactic and Religious Verse Early Scottish Prose Sir Gilbert Hay Nisbet’s Version of Purvey BIBLIOGRAPHY    XII. English Prose in the Fifteenth Century, I PECOCK.  FORTESCUE.  THE PASTON LETTERS    By ALICE D. GREENWOOD The Master of Game John Capgrave Reginald Pecock The Repressor of Overmuch Blaming of Clergy; The Repressor and the Lollards Pecock’s Minor Works His Style and Vocabulary Sir John Fortescue Walter Hylton Juliana of Norwich Gesta Romanorum Secreta Secretorum William Gregory’s Note-book The Paston Letters Copyists and Booksellers BIBLIOGRAPHY    XIII. The Introduction of Printing into England and the Early Work of the Press    By E. GORDON DUFF, M.A., Oxon., sometime Sandars Reader in Bibliography in the University of Cambridge The First Products of the New Art William Caxton The First Book printed in English—The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy The First Dated Book issued in England—The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers The Golden Legend Malory’s Morte d’Arthur Caxton’s Views on the English Language Provincial Presses The Book of St. Albans William de Machlinia English Books printed Abroad Arnold’s Chronicle Richard Pynson Berners’s Froissart Wynkyn de Worde Minor Printers Antoine Verard and John of Doesborch The Book Trade BIBLIOGRAPHY    XIV. English Prose in the Fifteenth Century, II CAXTON.  MALORY.  BERNERS    By ALICE D. GREENWOOD Caxton as Editor The Golden Legend Malory’s Morte d’Arthur Style of the Morte d’Arthur Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners The Chronicles of Froissart Huon of Bordeaux The Golden Book of Marcus Aurelius BIBLIOGRAPHY    XV. English and Scottish Education. Universities and Public Schools to the Time of Colet    By the Rev. T. A. WALKER, M.A., LL.D., Fellow of Peterhouse Paris and Oxford Beginnings of Oxford and Cambridge Town and Gown University and Bishop The Coming of the Friars The Schoolmen The Fall of the Friars Poor Students Walter de Merton Hugo de Balsham The Beginnings of the Colleges; The Black Death William of Wykeham, Winchester and New College Henry VI, Eton and King’s College Queen Margaret Medieval Studies; The Grammer School University Studies; The Higher Faculties Peterhouse Library and Catalogue; The Library of the Medieval Student The Education of a Young Scholar in the Middle Ages The Hour before the Renascence St. Andrews University Glasgow and Aberdeen Scottish University Studies BIBLIOGRAPHY    XVI. Transition English Song Collections    By FREDERICK MORGAN PADELFORD, Ph.D., Professor of the English Language and Literature in the University of Washington Characteristics of Folk-poetry Minstrels’ Songs Carols, Sacred and Secular Spiritual Lullabies Didactic Songs Satires against Women Drinking Songs Love Songs Pre-Christian Festivals and May Poems Miscellaneous Songs BIBLIOGRAPHY    XVII. Ballads    By FRANCIS B. GUMMERE, Ph.D., Professor of English in Haverford College Definition of the Subject The Canute Song Outlaw Ballads and Political Songs The Ballad Question Tradition Robin Hood Babylon The Maid Freed from the Gallows; The Making of Ballads; General Outlines of Ballad Progress Sources of Ballads Riddle Ballads The Epic Tendency Balladry in Rags Ballads of Domestic Tragedy; Child Waters Funeral ballads The Historical Ballad The Greenwood Sources and Aesthetic Values of Ballads as a Whole BIBLIOGRAPHY    XVIII. Political and Religious Verse to the Close of the Fifteenth Century—Final Words    By A. R. WALLER, M.A., Peterhouse Anglo-Norman Writings L’Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal The Vows of the Heron The Lollards The Libel of English Policy Jack Napes’ Soul Lyrics and Carols; The Religious Plays Didactic Literature Robin Hood The Fifteenth Century BIBLIOGRAPHY