THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE Volume IX: English FROM STEELE AND ADDISON  TO POPE AND SWIFT Edited by A. W. Ward & A. R. Waller CONTENTS     Preface     Table of Principal Dates    Chapter I. Defoe—The Newspaper and the Novel    By W. P. TRENT, LL.D., D.C.L., Professor of English Literature in Columbia University, New York Beginnings of the English Newspaper The Oxford, afterwards The London, Gazette Roger L’Estrange His activity as a pamphleteer before and after the Restoration The Observator L’Estrange’s late troubles and literary work Henry Care John Dunton The Flying Post and The Post Boy John Tutchin Defoe’s early and business life An Essay upon Projects The True-Born Englishman The Shortest Way with the Dissenters Defoe in the pillory The Review Defoe and Harley Mercator and commercial pamphlets The Secret History of the White Staff and An Appeal to Honour and Justice Discreditable later tracts Defoe’s evolution as a Novelist Robinson Crusoe and its sequel Miscellaneous later writings: Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell, A Journal of the Plague Year, Captain Singleton, Moll Flanders, Colonel Jacque, Roxana, Memoirs of Captain George Carleton, The Complete English Tradesman Defoe’s last years His posthumous reputation BIBLIOGRAPHY    II. Steele and Addison    By HAROLD ROUTH, M.A., Peterhouse, Lecturer in English Literature in the Goldsmith’s College, University of London The New Civilisation in England and London Steele’s Christian Hero His Comedies Influence of the Coffeehouses Literature and Clubland Beginnings of The Tattler The Lucubrations of Isaac Bickerstaff The Tatler on Middle-class Life and Women The “Short Story” in germ Varied topics Collaboration of Addison His early Classical Training The Campaign Character of his contributions to The Tatler His style as an Essay-writer The Spectator and its Character-types The Coverly Group The Spectator and The Tatler compared The Spectator’s Correspondence Its Literary Criticism: Addison on Paradise Lost, and On the Pleasures of the Imagination Addison on Religion Cato The Guardian; Steele’s last Comedy Steele, Addison and the Essay BIBLIOGRAPHY    III. Pope    By EDWARD BENSLY, M.A., Trinity College, Professor of Latin, University College of Wales, Aberstwyth Pope’s Literary Consciousness, and his attitude towards Contemporary Literature His early Life and Studies His literary beginnings Pastorals Windsor Forest Messiah An Essay on Criticism The Rape of the Lock Eliosa to Abelard and Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady Epistles Pope’s Workmanship and Style His Homer His edition of Shakespeare Pope’s literary success and quarrels The Dunciad Influence of Bolingbroke Moral Essays An Essay on Man Imitations of Horace Other Satires The new Dunciad and Colley Cibber Influence of Warburton Pope’s Genius and Influence upon Literature BIBLIOGRAPHY    IV. Swift    By GEORGE ATHERTON AITKEN, M.V.O. Swift’s parentage and descent Residences with Sir William Temple Esther Johnson (Stella) The Phalaris Controversy Swift Vicar of Laracor Swift in London; Association with Addison and the Whigs Intimacy with Harley and St. John Swift and The Examiner; The Conduct of the Allies and Some Remarks on the Barrier Treaty The Brothers’ Club Swift retires to Dublin Stella and Vanessa Irish Politics Swift’s Irish popularity His despondency and death His chief Satires: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books; Gulliver’s Travels Inception, contributory sources and original features of Gulliver Genteel Conversation, Directions to Servants, Argument against abolishing Christianity, and other Pamphlets Swift’s Religious and Political Writings Pamphlets on Irish affairs: Drapier’s Letters Swift’s Verse Baucis and Philemon; The Grand Question Debated; Cadenus and Vanessa; Later savage Satirical Verse: The Legion Club Swift On the Death of Dr. Swift The Journal to Stella Character of Swift’s life and work Swift a Master of Style and of Satire What he lacks BIBLIOGRAPHY    V. Arbuthnot and Lesser Prose Writers    By G. A. AITKEN, M.V.O. Arbuthnot’s early life and scientific work His association with Harley and the Court of Queen Anne His Tory pamphlets: The History of John Bull series; The Art of Political Lying Arbuthnot, the Tory Wits, and The Memoirs of Scriblerus His pamphlets after the crisis William King Literary criticism of the age: Rymer; Langbaine; Gildon John Dennis Colley Cibber’s Apology Hughes; Rowe; Edwards; Heath; Upton; Zachary Grey BIBLIOGRAPHY    VI. Lesser Verse Writers, I    By THOMAS SECCOMBE, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford Prior’s personal and literary beginnings The Country and the City Mouse His early official Life and Verse: Carmen Seculare Prior under Queen Anne His last years His lyrical verse: Henry and Emma Alma and Solomon His light Satirical Verse and its excellence His Versification His productions in Prose: Essays, and Dialogues of the Dead John Gay and his early literary efforts; Rural Sports; The Shepherd’s Week; The What D’ ye Call it; Trivia; Gay and the Queensberrys The Beggar’s Opera and Polly Gay’s love of ease; His Friends Ambrose Philips and his Pastorals; His “Namby-Pamby” poems Thomas Parnell His Homeric Scholarship; The Hermit Lady Winchilsea John Pomfret Thomas Tickell His attachment to Addison    Lesser Verse Writers, II    By GEORGE SAINTSBURY, LL.D., D.Litt., F.B.A., Merton College, Oxford, Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Edinburgh Minor Versifiers of the Age Younger Contemporaries of Dryden: George Granville (Lord Lansdowne); William Walsh Duke, Stepney Yalden and William King Older contemporaries of Pope: Isaac Watts and his “Hymns.” Sir Samuel Garth The Dispensary: Significance of its Versification and Diction Sir Richard Blackmore: Creation The Spectator Group: John Philips; Broome and Fenton; Edmund (“Rag”) Smith; Hughes Henry Brooke’s poetry David Mallet Richard Savage Stephen Duck; Aaron Hill Other Lesser Verse Writers of the Age Robert Dodsley and his Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY    VII. Historical and Political Writers, I BURNET    By A. W. WARD, Litt.D., P.B.A., Master of Peterhouse Burnet’s Historical and Political Writings during his residence in Scotland Thoughts on Education Memoires of the Hamiltons Burnet in London The History of the Reformation of the Church of England Attacks upon it and Replies The Life and Death of Sir Matthew Hale Burnet in Exile Beginnings of Memoirs; and various Political Pamphlets A Memorial for the Electress Sophia The History of My Own Time and its genesis Characteristics of the Work Its pervading Purpose Historians Contemporary with Burnet: Strype Jeremy Collier His Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain Neal’s History of the Puritans Letters to Sir Joseph Williamson Memoirs of James II Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun; His Political Career and Discourses BIBLIOGRAPHY    VIII. Historical and Political Writers, II BOLINGBROKE    By A. W. WARD, Litt. D., P.B.A. Henry St. John’s Earlier Life and Letters His Contributions to The Examiner A Letter to Sir William Wyndham Bolingbroke in France His political activity after his return home The Craftsman and its Contributors Bolingbroke’s Remarks upon the History of England Dissertation upon Parties Letters on the Study and Use of History Letter on the Spirit of Patriotism Idea of a Patriot King His last Political Pamphlets Qualities of his Style Historical and Political Writers contemporary with Bolingbroke: White Kennett; Echard; Rapin; Lediard; Tindal; Boyer; Oldmixon Roger North’s Lives of the Norths Merits of these Biographies BIBLIOGRAPHY    IX. Memoir-Writers, 1715–60    By THOMAS SECCOMBE, M.A. English Society under the First Two Georges Lady Mary Wortley Montagu; The Story of her Life Her Turkish Letters Her other writings in Verse and Prose Lady Cowper’s Diary; Correspondence of Lady Suffolk Lord Hervey and Lady Mary His Political Career His Memoirs and their Character Memoirs of Lord Waldegrave and Melcombe (George Bubb Dodington) BIBLIOGRAPHY    X. Writers of Burlesque and Translators    By CHARLES WHIBLEY, M.A., Hon. Fellow of Jesus College The Underworld of Letters and its Vagabond Inhabitants Their love of Burlesque and Indebtedness to Scarron His Imitators in France and in England Charles Cotton’s, Monsey’s and John Phillips’s Travesties of Vergil, Scudamore’s of Homer and Alexander Radcliffe’s of Ovid Hudibras and Hudibrastic Verse Ned Ward’s Hudibras Redivivus, Vulgus Britannicus and London Spy Tom Brown’s Amusements for the Meridian of London The New Art of Translation Versions of Petronius John Phillips’s Literary Career His Don Quixote Motteux and his Translation of Rabelais Roger L’Estrange as a Translator His Selection of Originals His Aesop Charles Cotton and his Montaigne John Stevens and his Services to English knowledge of Spanish Literature BIBLIOGRAPHY    XI. Berkeley and Contemporary Philosophy    By W. R. SORLEY, Litt.D., F.B.A., Fellow of King’s College, Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy English Thought in the Period after the Death of Locke METAPHYSICIANS Berkeley’s Life and Authorship before and after his sojourn in America Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher; Essay towards a New Theory of Vision The Merits of the Essay as a work of Psychological Analysis Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge Berkeley’s Idealism His place in the History of Thought His Common-place Book Arthur Collier DEISTS The Deistical Controversy in English Theology; Charles Blount; Charles Leslie as Champion of Orthodoxy Toland’s Christianity not Mysterious; His Literary Career and Philosophical Development: Letters to Serena; Pantheisticon Anthony Collins’s Discourse of Free-thinking Tindal’s Christianity as Old as the Creation Other Deistical Writers: Woolston; Chubb; Morgan; Henry Dodwell the younger Influence of Deism; Bolingbroke; Whiston’s Primitive Christianity Revived Opponents of the Deists: William Warburton MORALISTS Samuel Clarke and Rational Ethics Shaftesbury; his Characteristics of Men and Manners Hutcheson Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees Bishop Butler’s Fifteen Sermons and Analogy; Exhaustiveness of Butler’s Reasonings BIBLIOGRAPHY    XII. William Law and the Mystics    By CAROLINE F. E. SPURGEON, Dr. of the University of Paris, Fellow of King’s College for Women and Lecturer in English Literature at Bedford College, University of London Undercurrent of Mystical Thought in England in the Earlier Half of the Eighteenth Century Mysticism in the Seventeenth Century; “Children of Light” in Holland The “Behmenites” and the Founders of the Society of Friends Life and Writings of William Law Law’s Controversial Writings against Hoadly, Mandeville and Tindal Christian Perfection and A Serious Call Influence of Malebranche, the earlier German Mystics and the Seventeenth Century Quietists upon Law Jacob Boehme and the Essence of his Mysticism Boehme and Law An Appeal to all who Doubt and The Way to Divine Knowledge Character of Law’s Prose: Law and Mandeville; The Spirit of Prayer; A Serious Call Law’s Followers: John Byrom; Henry Brooke Later influence of Boehme on English Thought BIBLIOGRAPHY    XIII. Scholars and Antiquaries I. BENTLEY AND CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIP    By JAMES DUFF DUFF, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Classics of Trinity College Learning in England at the Time of Bentley’s Birth: Pearson; Fell; William Lloyd; Henry Dodwell; John Moore Bentley’s Earlier Life and Labours Epistola ad Millium His Lectures against Atheism The Phalaris Controversy: Bentley and his Adversaries Bentley Master of Trinity; The Troubles of his Mastership His Reforms at Cambridge Phileleutherus Lipsiensis Bentley’s Horace Remarks upon a late Discourse of Free-Thinking Editions of Terence and Manilius Bentley and Paradise Lost His Death Joseph Wasse; Conyers Middleton; Jeremiah Markland; John Taylor; Richard Dawes    II. ANTIQUARIES    By H. G. ALDIS, M.A., Peterhouse; Secretary of the University Library Oxford and the Bodleian Dugdale and Dodsworth; The Antiquities of Warwickshire and Monasticon Anglicanum Dugdale’s Other Labours Anthony Wood and Athenae Oxonienses Thomas Hearne John Tanner John Aubrey Local History and Topography: Burton; Plot; Stukeley; Gordon Chamberlayne’s Angliae Notitia and its Sequel Gibson’s Edition of Camden’s Britannia Ashmole and other County Antiquaries Baker’s collections: his History of St. John’s College, Cambridge Writers on Monastic and Cathedral Antiquities Old English Studies: Sir Henry Spelman Diplomatic: Thomas Madox; Heraldry; Ames’s Typographical Antiquities The Cottonian and the Harleian Libraries Osborne and Oldys Revival of the Society of Antiquaries BIBLIOGRAPHY    XIV. Scottish Popular Poetry before Burns    By T. F. HENDERSON The long Blight on Scottish Secular Verse; Exceptional popularity of Lyndsay Survival of Songs in the Puritan Period Peculiarity of the relation between English and Scottish Song in the Seventeenth Century Ane Compendious Booke of Godly and Spirituall Songs Original Scots Songs in The Tea-Table Miscellany: Lady Grizel Baillie, lady Wardlaw and William Hamilton of Gilbertfield Robert Sempill and The Life and Death of Habbie Simson Watson’s Choice Collection Allan Ramsay His earlier productions and The Gentle Shepherd Difficulty of estimating his Originality; His treatment of the Old Songs; The Tea-Table Miscellany and The Evergreen Alexander Pennecuick Robert Crawford William Hamilton of Bangour Sir John Clerk and George Halkett Alexander Ross Alexander Geddes Douglas Graham Mrs. Cockburn; Jane and Sir Gilbert Elliot Anonymous Songs Songs from David Herd’s Manuscript and other Collections Jacobite Songs in Hogg’s Jacobite Relics of Scotland; Hogg’s editorial methods Literary value of the Jacobite Songs Robert Fergusson: his personality and poetic qualities BIBLIOGRAPHY    XV. Education    By J. W. ADAMSON, Fellow of King’s College, London, and Professor of Education in the University of London The Seventeenth Century Curriculum Henry Wotton’s Essay on the Education of Children Proposed supersession of Oxford and Cambridge under the Commonwealth: Milton; Harrington; Hobbes Seth Ward’s Vindiciae Academiarum The Long Parliament and Education Projected Reforms of Schools Influence of John Amos Comenius Hartlib, Petty and Dury Educational Projects after the Restoration: Cowley’s Proposition The Ancients v. Moderns Controversy: Temple and Bentley Dissenting Academies: Secker’s Experience Courtly and Private Education: Comments of Clarendon, Peacham, Francis Osborne and others Cavils of Swift and Defoe Locke’s Thoughts on Education and Essay concerning Human Understanding Influence of the Essay on subsequent Educational Theory Education of Girls: Swift, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and others Elementary Education Private Schools Charity Schools: Mandeville The Public Schools: Eton and Westminster Subjects of Teaching The Universities Examinations at Cambridge The Oxford Tutorial System Foundation of the Royal Society Bentley’s Range of Studies Extension of University Learning New Chairs at Cambridge Gibbon’s Charges against the Oxford System; Difficulties in the way of Reform BIBLIOGRAPHY