THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE Volume I: English FROM THE BEGINNINGS TO THE CYCLES OF ROMANCE Edited by A. W. Ward & A. R. Waller    CONTENTS     Preface     Table of Principal Dates    Chapter I. The Beginnings    By A. R. WALLER, M.A., Peterhouse Characteristics of the earliest Poetry The Gleemen Theodore and Hadrian National Strife BIBLIOGRAPHY    II. Runes and Manuscripts    By A. C. PAUES, Ph.D., Upsala, Newnham College The National Germanic Alphabet Runes in Scandinavian and Old English Literature The Ruthwell Cross The Franks Casket The Roman Alphabet The Irish School of Writing Tablets, parchment, vellum, paper, pens, ink, and binding Scribes and scriptoria BIBLIOGRAPHY    III. Early National Poetry    By H. MUNRO CHADWICK, M.A., Fellow of Clare College Early National Poems the work of Minstrels Teutonic Epic Poetry Beowulf: Scandinavian Traditions; Personality of the Hero; Origin and Antiquity of the Poem; the Religious Element Finnsburh The Waldhere Fragments Widsith Deor The Wanderer The Seafarer The Wife’s Complaint The Husband’s Message The Ruin Religious Poetry of Heathen Times BIBLIOGRAPHY    IV. Old English Christian Poetry    By M. BENTINCK SMITH, M.A., Headmistress of St. Leonard’s School, St. Andrews Celtic Christianity Changes wrought by the New Spirit Caedmon’s Hymn Genesis, Exodus, Daniel Crist and Satan Cynewulf: His Personality Crist, Juliana, The Fates of the Apostles, Elene Andreas The Dream of the Rood Guthlac, The Phoenix, Physiologus, Riddles Minor Christian Poems The Riming Poem, Proverbs, The Runic Poem, Salomon and Saturn The Schools of Caedmon and Cynewulf BIBLIOGRAPHY    V. Latin Writings in England to the Time of Alfred    By MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES, Litt.D., Provost of King’s College Gildas and The History of the Britons “Hisperic” Latin Nennius and Historia Brittonum The Roman Mission to Kent and its results Aldhelm and his School Bede’s Ecclesiastical History Bede’s Letter to Egbert of York Alcuin Lives of Saints; Visions; Minor writings BIBLIOGRAPHY    VI. Alfred and the Old English Prose of his Reign    By P. G. THOMAS, M.A., Professor of English Language and Literature at Bedford College, University of London Asser’s Life of Alfred The Handbook and Pastoral Care Translations of Orosius and Bede Codes of Law De Consolatione Philosophiae The metres in Alfred’s Boethius Augustine’s Soliloquies The Chronicle Gregory’s Dialogues Works attributed to Alfred His Literary Achievement BIBLIOGRAPHY    VII. From Alfred to the Conquest    By JOHN S. WESTLAKE, M.A., Trinity College The Chronicle The Monastic Reform Blickling Homilies The Works of Aelfric Wulfstan Byrhtferth Lindisfarne, Rushworth, and West Saxon Glosses Legends of the Holy Rood Legends of the East Quasi-scientific works The Ballads and Poems in The Chronicle Judith The Battle of Maldon or Byrhtnoth’s Death Menologium Be Domes Daege BIBLIOGRAPHY    VIII. The Norman Conquest    By A. R. WALLER Dunstan The Coming Change The Wisdom of the East Lanfranc Anselm Norman Gifts BIBLIOGRAPHY    IX. Latin Chroniclers from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries    By W. LEWIS JONES, M.A., Professor of English Language and Literature at the University College of North Wales England and Normandy Characteristics of the Chroniclers The Northumbrian School of English Medieval History; Simeon of Durham Florence of Worcester Eadmer and Ordericus Vitalis William of Malmesbury Henry of Huntingdon Gesta Stephani Geoffrey of Monmouth William of Newburgh Benedict of Peterborough Richard Fitz-Neale Roger of Hoveden Ralph of Diceto Richard of Devizes Jocelin of Brakelond Giraldus Cambrensis Walter Map Matthew Paris Minor Chroniclers BIBLIOGRAPHY    X. English Scholars of Paris and Franciscans of Oxford LATIN LITERATURE OF ENGLAND FROM JOHN OF SALISBURY TO RICHARD OF BURY    By J. E. SANDYS, Litt.D., Fellow of St. John’s College and Public Orator of the University of Cambridge The University of Paris English Scholars of Paris: John of Salisbury Peter of Blois Walter Map Other Writers of Latin Gervase Nigel Wireker Jean de Hauteville; Alain de Lille Geoffrey de Vinsauf; Alexander Neckam Joannes de Garlandia Giraldus Cambrensis Michael Scot Franciscans and Dominicans Franciscans of Oxford Alexander of Hales Robert Grosseteste and the Franciscans Adam Marsh Roger Bacon Duns Scotus William of Ockham Walter Burleigh Scholars of Oxford: John Baconthorpe Thomas Bradwardine Richard of Bury BIBLIOGRAPHY    XI. Early Transition English    By J. W. H. ATKINS, M.A., Professor of English Language and Literature at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Fellow of St. John’s College The Proverbs of Alfred Poema Morale Literary Revolt of the 13th Century Ormulum Genesis and Exodus Hortatory Verse and Prose The Bestiary; An Bispel; Sawles Warde Hali Meidenhad; Lives of the Saints Ancren Riwle The Virgin Cult and Erotic Mysticism The Luve Ron Layamon’s Brut The Owl and Nightingale BIBLIOGRAPHY    XII. The Arthurian Legend    By W. LEWIS JONES, M.A., Professor of English Language and Literature at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, formerly Scholar of Queens’ College Early Welsh Tradition Nennius and Gildas Early Welsh Poetry The Mabinogion Kulhwch and Olwen Geoffrey of Monmouth Caradoc of Llancarvan The French Romances Wace Layamon Subsidiary Legends Merlin Gawain Lancelot and Guinevere The Holy Grail Tristram and Iseult Celtic Literature BIBLIOGRAPHY    XIII. Metrical Romances, 1200–1500: I    By W. P. KER, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, Professor of English Literature, University College, London French Influences Benoit de Ste. More and Chrétien de Troyes Translators’ difficulties History of the English Romances Matter and Form The “matter of France,” “of Britain,” and “of Rome” Sources and Subjects Forms of Verse Traditional Plots Breton Lays Fairy Tales Sir Gawayne and Sir Tristrem The Tale of Gamelyn and The Tale of Beryn Relation of Romances to Ballads BIBLIOGRAPHY    XIV. Metrical Romances, 1200–1500: II    By J. W. H. ATKINS The Carolingian Element English Romances: Havelok, Horn, Guy of Warwick, Beves of Hamtoun The literature of Antiquity: Troy, King Alisaunder, Richard Cœur de Lion Oriental Fable: Flores and Blancheflour, The Seven Sages of Rome Celtic Romances The Gawain Cycle Ipomedon, Amis and Amiloun, Sir Cleges, Sir Isumbras, The Squire of Low Degree William of Palerne, etc. Anonymity of the work embodied in the Romances Qualities and Defects BIBLIOGRAPHY    XV. “Pearl,” “Cleanness,” “Patience” and “Sir Gawayne”    By I. GOLLANCZ, Litt.D., Christ’s College, Professor of English Language and Literature, King’s College, London, Secretary of the British Academy Sources and Metre of Pearl Cleanness and Patience Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight Sources of Sir Gawayne The Question of Authorship Hypothetical Biography of the Poet Ralph Strode Huchoun of the Awle Ryale Erkenwald, etc. BIBLIOGRAPHY    XVI. Later Transition English LEGENDARIES AND CHRONICLERS    By CLARA L. THOMSON Robert of Gloucester Thomas Bek The South English Legendary Northern Homilies and Legends The Northern Psalter Cursor Mundi Robert Mannyng of Brunne’s Handlyng Synne Characteristics of Mannyng’s style Mannyng’s Debt to Wadington Mannyng’s Chronicle The Medytacyuns William of Shoreham The Ayenbite of Inwyt Adam Davy Laurence Minot BIBLIOGRAPHY    XVII. Later Transition English SECULAR LYRICS; TALES; SOCIAL SATIRE (Further chapters on Fugitive Social Literature of the 14th and 15th centuries will be found in Vol. II.)    By A. R. WALLER Middle English Lyrics The Proverbs of Hendyng The Deeds of Hereward The Land of Cokaygne Dame Siriz The Fox and the Wolf The Turnament of Totenham The Tale of Gamelyn Gesta Romanorum; John de Bromyarde; The Childhood of Jesus Political verses Songs of the Soil John Ball The Black Death BIBLIOGRAPHY    XVIII. The Prosody of Old and Middle English    By GEORGE SAINTSBURY, M.A., Merton College, Oxford, Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Edinburgh Old English Verse The Transition Foreign Influence The Alliterative Revival BIBLIOGRAPHY    XIX. Changes in the Language to the Days of Chaucer    By HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., (Oxon.) Continuity of the English Language “English” and “Saxon”; Periods of English Changes in Grammar Old English Grammar; Changes in Declension Conjugation in Middle English Influence of the Norman Conquest Pronunciation and Spelling Middle English Spelling Development of Sounds Changes in Vocabulary Words adopted from French Scandinavian Words in English Loss of Native Words The Poetical Vocabulary English Dialects in the Fourteenth Century BIBLIOGRAPHY    XX. The Anglo-French Law Language    By the late F. W. MAITLAND, LL.D., Downing Professor of the Laws of England. (By permission of the Council of the Selden Society.) Retention of French in the Courts and the Making of Legal Terms